Gamma Hydroxybutyrate

Introduction

  • A metabolite of GABA

  • Acts on GABA B and GHB receptor

Symptoms

  • Sedation

  • Euphoria

  • Aphrodisiac

  • Given improves sleep architecture has been FDA approved to treat narcolepsy

  • In Europe it has been used to treat AUD

Misuse

  • Used in sexual assaults

  • Increases hGH so used in bodybuilding

  • Consumed as powder or liquid

  • Onset within 15 min

  • Symptoms last for 2-4 hours

  • Narrow Therapeutic index

  • Low dose causes:

    • Ataxia

    • Hypotonia

    • Vomiting

  • High dose causes:

    • Myoclonus

    • Bradycardia

    • Seizures

    • Coma

Treatment

  • No effective antidote for overdose

  • For seizures Given benzodiazepines

  • For bradycardia give atropine

  • For respiratory depression intubate

Withdrawal

  • Chronic use leads to down regulation of GABA and GHB receptors

  • Discontinuation after chronic use can result in sedative hypnotic like withdrawal. Resembles DTs

  • Can last 1-2 weeks

  • Treatment:

    • 1st line: benzodiazepines. Typically requires high doses

    • 2nd line: barbiturates.

References

  1. Wakeman SE, Lee JD, Alvanzo AAH. Pocket Addiction Medicine. Wolters Kluwer; 2022

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